<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fwj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трение и и износ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Title in english</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0000-0000</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AGU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32864/0202-4977-2026-47-1-5-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fwj-108</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Машины трения для испытания приводных роликовых цепей на трение и износ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tribology Machines for Tribology and Wear Testing of Drive Roller Chains</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плетнев</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pletnev</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>вн. тер. г. муниципальный округ Академическое, ул. Политехническая, д. 29 литера Б, г. Санкт-Петербург 195251</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Politekhnicheskaya St., 29 Building B, Akademicheskoye Municipal District, Saint Petersburg 195251</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бреки</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Breki</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Большой проспект ВО, д. 61, Санкт-Петербург 199178</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bolshoy Prospekt VO, 61, Saint Petersburg 199178</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">albreki@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт проблем машиноведения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Engineering Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>47</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; AGU, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">AGU</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">AGU</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/108">https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/108</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассматриваются современные методы и оборудование для испытания и изучения цепных передач, включая специализированные стенды для велосипедных трансмиссий. Анализируются их преимущества, ограничения и перспективные направления развития, такие как применение датчиков нового поколения, автоматизация испытательных процессов. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам стандартизации испытаний и адаптации промышленных методик к специфике велоиндустрии, в научных исследованиях. Установлено, что в большинстве случаев промышленность обходится стандартными расчётными методами и универсальными испытательными машинами, что объясняет ограниченное распространение таких стендов и машин трения. Несмотря на крайне широкое распространение велосипедного транспорта опубликовано крайне незначительное количество литературы, посвящённой износу и эффективности цепей велосипедов.</p><p>Таким образом, статья может служить полезным источником информации для специалистов, занимающихся проектированием, испытанием и анализом свойств материалов приводных роликовых цепей в условиях трения и износа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern methods and equipment for testing and studying chain transmissions including specialized stands for bicycle transmissions are considered. It analyzes their advantages, limitations, and future development trends, such as the use of next-generation sensors and the automation of testing processes. Special attention is given to the standardization of testing and the adaptation of industrial methods to the specific needs of the bicycle industry and in scientific research. It has been established that in most cases, the industry uses standard calculation methods and universal testing machines, which explains the limited use of such testing stands and friction machines. Despite the widespread use of bicycles there is very little literature available on the wear and efficiency of bicycle chains.</p><p>Thus, this article can serve as a useful resource for professionals involved in the design, testing, and analysis of the material properties of drive roller chains under friction and wear conditions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цепь</kwd><kwd>цепной привод</kwd><kwd>испытательный стенд</kwd><kwd>эффективность цепного привода</kwd><kwd>износ цепи</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chain</kwd><kwd>chain drive</kwd><kwd>testing stand</kwd><kwd>chain drive efficiency</kwd><kwd>chain wear</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хамзаев А.А., Нишонов Х.Х., Абдуллаев З.Д. Современные цепные передачи и их использование в сельскохозяйственных машинах // Механика и технология. — 2023, № 1(4) Спецвыпуск, 20—25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khamzayev A.A., Nishonov Kh.Kh., Abdullayev Z.D. Sovremennyye tsepnyye peredachi i ikh ispolzovaniye v selskokhozyaystvennykh mashinakh // Mekhanika i tekhnologiya. — 2023, № 1(4) Spetsvypusk, 20—25 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liew Y.W., Matthews O., Dao D.V., and Li H. Power Transmission Mechanism and Tribological Performance of Modern Bicycle Drivetrains – A Review // Machines. — 2025 (13), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13010066</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liew Y.W., Matthews O., Dao D.V., and Li H. Power Transmission Mechanism and Tribological Performance of Modern Bicycle Drivetrains – A Review // Machines. — 2025 (13), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13010066</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spicer J.B., Richardson C.J.K., Ehrlich M.J., Bernstein J.R., Fukuda M., and Terada M. Effects of Frictional Loss on Bicycle Chain Drive Efficiency // Journal of Mechanical Design. — 2001 (12), no. 3(4), 598—605. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1412848</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spicer J.B., Richardson C.J.K., Ehrlich M.J., Bernstein J.R., Fukuda M., and Terada M. Effects of Frictional Loss on Bicycle Chain Drive Efficiency // Journal of Mechanical Design. — 2001 (12), no. 3(4), 598—605. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1412848</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осиков А.А. Методика экспериментальных исследований цепной передачи с открытым шарни-ром // Агроинженерия. — 2012, № 1(52), 62—63</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osikov A.A. Metodika eksperimentalnykh issledovaniy tsepnoy peredachi s otkrytym sharnirom // Agroinzheneriya. — 2012, № 1(52), 62—63 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стрижков И.Г., Хорьков Е. Е. Моделирование электрооборудования стенда испытания роликовых цепей // Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. — 2014, № 96, 761—774</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strizhkov I.G., Khorkov E.E. Modelirovaniye elektrooborudovaniya stenda ispytaniya rolikovykh tsepey // Politematicheskiy setevoy elektronnyy nauchnyy zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. — 2014, № 96, 761—774 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Усов А.С. Повышение долговечности приводных цепей зерноуборочных комбайнов // дис. … канд. техн. наук. — Зерноград. — 2017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Usov A.S. Povysheniye dolgovechnosti privodnykh tsepey zernouborochnykh kombaynov // dis. … kand. tekhn. nauk. — Zernograd. — 2017 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meffert Dominik, Oehler Manuel, and Sauer Bernd. Precise Friction Measurement in Drive Chains Using a Chain Joint Tribometer // Tribology Online. — 2021 (16), no. 3, 151—158, Released on J-STAGE July 31, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-2198, https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.16.151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meffert Dominik, Oehler Manuel, and Sauer Bernd. Precise Friction Measurement in Drive Chains Using a Chain Joint Tribometer // Tribology Online. — 2021 (16), no. 3, 151—158, Released on J-STAGE July 31, 2021, Online ISSN 1881-2198, https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.16.151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryoichi Saito, Nao-Aki Noda, and Yoshikazu Sano., Newly Developed Wear Testing Machine Having Sufficient Reproducibility Useful for Investigating Roller Chains // ISIJ International. — 2020 (60), no. 10, 2255—2265. Released on J-STAGE October 20, 2020, Online ISSN 1347-5460, Print ISSN 0915-1559, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinter-national.ISIJINT-2020-086</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryoichi Saito, Nao-Aki Noda, and Yoshikazu Sano., Newly Developed Wear Testing Machine Having Sufficient Reproducibility Useful for Investigating Roller Chains // ISIJ International. — 2020 (60), no. 10, 2255—2265. Released on J-STAGE October 20, 2020, Online ISSN 1347-5460, Print ISSN 0915-1559, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinter-national.ISIJINT-2020-086</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker A., Meffert D., and Sauer B. Friction and Wear Investigations on Single Chain Joints // Forsch Ingenieurwes. — 2019, no. 83, 53—63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-019-00297-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker A., Meffert D., and Sauer B. Friction and Wear Investigations on Single Chain Joints // Forsch Ingenieurwes. — 2019, no. 83, 53—63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-019-00297-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">What’s the Important Chain Testing?: [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.univer-salchain.net/blogs/roller-chain/chain-testing/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">What’s the Important Chain Testing?: [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.universal-chain.net/blogs/roller-chain/chain-testing/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">What are Important Tests for Chains?: [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://blog.mcc-chains.com/en/2022/12/22/important-tests-for-chain</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">What are Important Tests for Chains?: [Electronic resource]. URL: https://blog.mcc-chains.com/en/2022/12/22/important-tests-for-chain</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">U.S. Tsubaki, Inc, The Complete Guide to Chain. — 1997. https://www.ustsubaki.com/wp-content/uploads/the-complete-guide-1.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">U.S. Tsubaki, Inc, The Complete Guide to Chain. — 1997. https://www.ustsubaki.com/wp-content/uploads/the-complete-guide-1.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arun A.P., Giriraj B., and Rahaman A.F. Gear Test Rig - A Review // International Journal of Mechanical. — 2014, 16—26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arun A.P., Giriraj B., and Rahaman A.F. Gear Test Rig - A Review // International Journal of Mechanical. — 2014, 16—26</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herzog C. and Drummer D. Test Rig for the in-situ Measurement of the Elastic Tooth Deflection of Plastic Gears // Polymers. — 2023 (15), no. 7, 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071732</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herzog C. and Drummer D. Test Rig for the in situ Measurement of the Elastic Tooth Deflection of Plastic Gears // Polymers. — 2023 (15), no. 7, 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071732</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Åkerblom M. Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears. — 1999, 1—7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Åkerblom M. Gear Test Rig for Noise and Vibration Testing of Cylindrical Gears. — 1999, 1—7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Westphal C., Brimmers J., and Brecher C. Influence of Axis Misalignments in Stepped Planetary Gear Stages on the Excitation Behavior – Test Rig Development and Simulative Analysis // Forsch Ingenieurwes. — 2023, no. 87, 1103—1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-023-00709-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Westphal C., Brimmers J., and Brecher C. Influence of Axis Misalignments in Stepped Planetary Gear Stages on the Excitation Behavior – Test Rig Development and Simulative Analysis // Forsch Ingenieurwes. — 2023, no. 87, 1103—1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-023-00709-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенд для испытания зубчатых передач: № 4336970: а.с. № 1516826 A1 СССР, МПК G01M 13/02: опубл. 23.10.1989 / Л.Е. Пелевин, Ю.А. Ройко, А.З. Фридман, Е.Б. Бородянский</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stend dlya ispytaniya zubchatykh peredach: № 4336970: Avtorskoye svidetelstvo № 1516826 A1 SSSR. MPK G01M 13/02: opubl. 23.10.1989 / L.E. Pelevin. Yu.A. Royko. A.Z. Fridman. E. B. Borodyanskiy (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенд для испытания цепных передач: № 4032056: а.с. № 1350522 A1 СССР, МПК G01M 13/02: опубл. 11.07.1987 / Е.З. Зверовщиков, Б.В. Романовский, А.В. Белоус</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stend  dlya  ispytaniya  tsepnykh  peredach: № 4032056: Avtorskoye svidetelstvo № 1350522 A1 SSSR. MPK G01M 13/02: opubl. 11.07.1987 / E.Z. Zverovshchikov. B.V. Romanovskiy. A.V. Belous (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенд с замкнутым электрическим контуром для испытания зубчатых передач: № 1335636/25-28: а.с. № 291122 A1 СССР, МПК G01M 13/02: опубл. 06.01.1971 / А.П. Варакса</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stend s zamknutym elektricheskim konturom dlya	ispytaniya	zubchatykh	peredach: № 1335636/25-28:	Avtorskoye	svidetelstvo № 291122 A1 SSSR. MPK G01M 13/02: opubl. 06.01.1971 / A.P. Varaksa (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенд для приработки и испытаний зубчатых передач: № 4485285: а.с. № 1567914 A1 СССР, МПК G01M 13/02: опубл. 30.05.1990 / А.И. Беляев, Г.И. Михайлов, А.И. Сирицын</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stend dlya prirabotki i ispytaniy zubchatykh peredach: № 4485285: Avtorskoye svidetelstvo № 1567914 A1 SSSR. MPK G01M 13/02: opubl. 30.05.1990 / A.I. Belyayev, G.I. Mikhaylov, A.I. Siritsyn (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенд для испытания зубчатых передач: № 4418519: а.с. № 1518694 A1 СССР, МПК G01M 13/02: опубл. 30.10.1989 / Л.Е. Пелевин, Ю.А. Ройко, И.А. Климко [и др.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stend dlya ispytaniya zubchatykh peredach: № 4418519: Avtorskoye svidetelstvo № 1518694 A1 SSSR. MPK G01M 13/02: opubl. 30.10.1989 / L.E. Pelevin, Yu.A. Royko, I.A. Klimko [i dr.] (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенд для испытания зубчатых передач: № 4934121: а.с. № 1820271 A1 СССР, МПК G01M 13/02:: опубл. 07.06.1993 / П.М. Бирюков, М.П. Бирюков, А.В. Короткевич, К.Т. Беляк</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stend dlya ispytaniya zubchatykh peredach: № 4934121: Avtorskoye svidetelstvo № 1820271 A1 SSSR. MPK G01M 13/02: opubl. 07.06.1993 / P.M. Biryukov, M.P. Biryukov, A.V. Korotkevich, K.T. Belyak (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плетнев Л.А., Аль-Наджар М., Бреки А.Д. Моделирование деформации звеньев безвтулочной роликовой цепи методом конечных элементов // Интеллектуальная трибология в машиностроении: BALT TRIBO 2024: Материалы 1-й Международной научно-практической конф., Санкт-Петербург, Россия, 21–22 июня 2024 года. — Санкт-Петербург: ПОЛИТЕХ-ПРЕСС. — 2024, 258—263. DOI 10.18720/SPBPU/2/id24-255</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pletnev L.A., Al-Nadzhar M., Breki A.D. Mod-elirovaniye deformatsii zvenyev bezvtulochnoy rolikovoy tsepi metodom konechnykh elementov // Intellektualnaya tribologiya v mashinostroyenii: BALT TRIBO 2024: Materialy 1-y Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Sankt - Peterburg. Rossiya. 21–22 iyunya 2024 goda. — Sankt-Peterburg: POLITEKh-PRESS. — 2024, 258—263. DOI 10.18720/SPBPU/2/id24-255 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross J. and Meyer J. Simulating the Dynamic Behaviour of Chain Drive Systems by Advanced CAE Programs // SAE Technical Paper. — 1996, 960298. https://doi.org/10.4271/960298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross J. and Meyer J. Simulating the Dynamic Behaviour of Chain Drive Systems by Advanced CAE Programs // SAE Technical Paper. — 1996, 960298. https://doi.org/10.4271/960298 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горожанкин С.А., Савенков Н.В., Скрипкарь В.Г. Применения асинхронной электрической машины в качестве тормозного устройства при определении показателей автомобильного ДВС на неустановившихся режимах работы // Автотранспортное предприятие. — 2016, № 9, 49—62</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorozhankin S.A., Savenkov N.V., Skripkar V.G. Primeneniya asinkhronnoy elektricheskoy mashiny v kachestve tormoznogo ustroystva pri opredelenii pokazateley avtomobilnogo DVS na neustanovivshikhsya rezhimakh raboty // Avtotransportnoye predpriyatiye. — 2016, № 9, 49—62 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бяков К.Е., Иваненков В.В., Холоденко В.Б., Чудаков О.И. Обзор конструкций современных динамометрических стендов для испытаний колесных транспортных средств // Транспортные системы. — 2021, № 4(22), 4—15. DOI: 10.46960/62045_2021_4_4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byakov  K.E.,  Ivanenkov  V.V.,  Kholodenko V.B., Chudakov O.I. Obzor konstruktsiy sovremennykh dinamometricheskikh stendov dlya ispytaniy kolesnykh transportnykh sredstv // Transportnyye sistemy. — 2021, № 4(22), 4—15. DOI: 10.46960/62045_2021_4_4 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенд для испытания цепных передач: № 2014134006/28: патент на полезную модель № 147242 U1 Российская Федерация, МПК G01M 13/02: опубл. 27.10.2014 / С.Б. Бережной, А.В. Пунтус, Н.В. Мевша [и др.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stend  dlya  ispytaniya  tsepnykh  peredach: № 2014134006/28: Patent na poleznuyu model № 147242 U1 Rossiyskaya Federatsiya. MPK G01M 13/02: opubl. 27.10.2014 / S.B. Berezhnoy, A.V. Puntus, N.V. Mevsha [i dr.] (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров А.В., Козлов К.Э. Инерционный метод оценки влияния качества смазочных материалов на энергетическую эффективность цепных передач // Машиностроение и компьютерные технологии. — 2013, № 06, 1—22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egorov A.V., Kozlov K.E. Inertsionnyy metod otsenki vliyaniya kachestva smazochnykh materialov na energeticheskuyu effektivnost tsepnykh peredach // Mashinostroyeniye i kompyuternyye tekhnologii. — 2013, № 06, 1—22 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dowd Teal and Mansson Jan-Anders. Novel Model for Bicycle Drivetrain Efficiency. — 2024, 1—16. https://doi.org/10.31224/3901</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dowd Teal and Mansson Jan-Anders. Novel Model for Bicycle Drivetrain Efficiency. — 2024, 1—16. https://doi.org/10.31224/3901</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CeramicSpeed, Chain Efficiency Testing: [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://ceram-icspeed.com/en-eu/pages/chain-efficiency-testing</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CeramicSpeed. Chain Efficiency Testing: [Electronic resource]. URL: https://ceramicspe-ed.com/en-eu/pages/chain-efficiency-testing</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Josh Patterson. CeramicSpeed acquires Friction Facts: [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.bikera-dar.com/news/ceramicspeed-acquires-friction-facts</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Josh Patterson. CeramicSpeed Acquires Friction Facts: [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.bikera-dar.com/news/ceramicspeed-acquires-friction-facts</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Full Load Test Method: [Электронный ресурс] // Friction Facts. URL: https://web.ar-chive.org/web/20180421124005/http://www.friction-facts.com/equipment/chain-full-load</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Full load test method: [Electronic resource] // Friction   Facts.   URL:   https://web.archi-ve.org/web/20180421124005/http://www.friction-facts.com/equipment/chain-full-load</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Full Tention Test Method: [Электронный ресурс] // Friction Facts. URL: https://web.ar-chive.org/web/20180421123810/http://www.friction-facts.com/equipment/full-tension-test-method</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Full Tention Test Method: [Electronic resource] // Friction Facts. URL: https://web.archi-ve.org/web/20180421123810/http://www.friction-facts.com/equipment/full-tension-test-method</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ZeroFrictionCycling: [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://zerofrictioncycling.com.au/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ZeroFrictionCycling: [Electronic resource]. URL: https://zerofrictioncycling.com.au/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chain Longevity Testing – Full Test Brief: [Электронный ресурс] // ZeroFrictionCycling. URL: https://zerofrictioncycling.com.au/wp-con-tent/uploads/2018/04/Chain-Longevity-Testing-Full-test-brief.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chain Longevity Testing – Full Test Brief: [Electronic resource] // ZeroFrictionCycling. URL: https://zerofric-tioncycling.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Chain-Longevity-Testing-Full-test-brief.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Доценко А.И., Буяновский И.А. Основы триботехники. Учебник. — М.: Инфра-М. — 2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dotsenko A.I., Buyanovskiy I.A. Osnovy tribotekhniki. Uchebnik. — M.: Infra-M. — 2016 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Комбалов B.C. Методы и средства испытаний на трение и износ конструкционных и смазочных материалов: справочник / под ред. К.В. Фролова, Е.А. Марченко. — М.: Машиностроение. — 2008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kombalov B.C. Metody i sredstva ispytaniy na treniye i iznos konstruktsionnykh i smazochnykh materialov: spravochnik / pod red. K.V. Frolova. E.A. Marchenko. — M.: Mashinostroyeniye. — 2008 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabascio A., Tiznado-Aitken I., Harris D., and Farber S. Assessing the Potential of Cycling Growth in Toronto, Canada // Int. J. Sustain. Transp. — 2023, no. 17, 1370—1383</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabascio A., Tiznado-Aitken I., Harris D., and Farber S. Assessing the Potential of Cycling Growth in Toronto, Canada // Int. J. Sustain. Transp. — 2023, no. 17, 1370—1383</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oliveira F., Nery D., Costa D.G., and Silva I. A Survey of Technologies and Recent Developments for Sustainable Smart Cycling. Sustainability. — 2021, no. 13, 3422</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oliveira F., Nery D., Costa D.G., and Silva I. A Survey of Technologies and Recent Developments for Sustainable Smart Cycling. Sustainability. — 2021, no. 13, 3422</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen W., Carstensen T.A., Wang R., Derrible S., Rueda D.R., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., and Liu G. Historical Patterns and Sustainability Implications of Worldwide Bicycle Ownership and Use // Commun. Earth Environ. — 2022, no. 3, 171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen W., Carstensen T.A., Wang R., Derrible S., Rueda D.R., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., and Liu G. Historical Patterns and Sustainability Implications of Worldwide Bicycle Ownership and Use // Commun. Earth Environ. — 2022, no. 3, 171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rérat P. The Rise of the e-Bike: Towards an Extension of the Practice of Cycling? // Mobilities. — 2021, no. 16, 423—439</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rérat P. The Rise of the e-Bike: Towards an Extension of the Practice of Cycling? // Mobilities. — 2021, no. 16, 423—439</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teixeira J.F., Silva C., and Moura F. Empirical Evidence on the Impacts of Bikesharing: A Literature Review // Transp. Rev. — 2021, no. 41, 329—351</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teixeira J.F., Silva C., and Moura F. Empirical Evidence on the Impacts of Bikesharing: A Literature Review // Transp. Rev. — 2021, no. 41, 329—351</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popan C. Introduction Tips of the cycling iceberg. In Bicycle Utopias: Imagining Fast and Slow Cycling Futures. — Abingdon, UK: Taylor &amp; Francis Group — 2018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popan C. Introduction Tips of the cycling iceberg. In Bicycle Utopias: Imagining Fast and Slow Cycling Futures. — Abingdon, UK: Taylor &amp; Francis Group — 2018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malizia F. and Blocken B. Cyclist Aerodynamics Through Time: Better, Faster, Stronger // J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. — 2021, no. 214, 104673</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malizia F. and Blocken B. Cyclist Aerodynamics Through Time: Better, Faster, Stronger // J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. — 2021, no. 214, 104673</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmberg K. and Erdemir A. Influence of Tribology on Global Energy Consumption, Costs and Emissions // Friction. — 2017, no. 5, 263—284</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmberg K. and Erdemir A. Influence of Tribology on Global Energy Consumption, Costs and Emissions // Friction. — 2017, no. 5, 263—284</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Underwood L. and Jermy M. Determining Optimal Pacing Strategy for the Track Cycling Individual Pursuit Event with a Fixed Energy Mathematical Model // Sports Eng. — 2014, no. 17, 183—196</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Underwood L. and Jermy M. Determining Optimal Pacing Strategy for the Track Cycling Individual Pursuit Event with a Fixed Energy Mathematical Model // Sports Eng. — 2014, no. 17, 183—196</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pickering C. and Byrne J. The Benefits of Publishing Systematic Quantitative Literature Reviews for PhD Candidates and Other Early-Career Researchers // High. Educ. Res. Dev. — 2014, no. 33, 534—548</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pickering C. and Byrne J. The Benefits of Publishing Systematic Quantitative Literature Reviews for PhD Candidates and Other Early-Career Researchers // High. Educ. Res. Dev. — 2014, no. 33, 534—548</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lovejoy K. and Handy S. Developments in Bicycle Equipment and its Role in Promoting Cycling as a Travel Mode // In City Cycling. — Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press. — 2012, 75—104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lovejoy K. and Handy S. Developments in Bicycle Equipment and its Role in Promoting Cycling as a Travel Mode // In City Cycling. — Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press. — 2012, 75—104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin T.Y., Tseng C.H., and Fong Z.H. An Experimental Approach Characterizing Rear Bicycle Derailleur Systems Part II: The Stability Region and its Applications // Int. J. Veh. Des. — 1998, no. 19, 371—384</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin T.Y., Tseng C.H., and Fong Z.H. An Experimental Approach Characterizing Rear Bicycle Derailleur Systems Part II: The Stability Region and its Applications // Int. J. Veh. Des. — 1998, no. 19, 371—384</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hadland T. and Lessing H. Bicycle Design: An Illustrated History. — Cambridge, MA, USA: The MIT Press. — 2014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hadland T. and Lessing H. Bicycle Design: An Illustrated History. — Cambridge, MA, USA: The MIT Press. — 2014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
