<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fwj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Трение и и износ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Title in english</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0000-0000</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AGU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32864/0202-4977-2026-47-3-298-308</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fwj-126</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фрикционные свойства алмазоподобных углеродных пленок на подложке из стали 45</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Frictional Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Films Deposited on a 45 Steel Substrate</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидашов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidashov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>площадь Ростовского Стрелкового Полка Народного Ополчения, 2, г. Ростов-на-Дону 344038</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rostovskogo Strelkovogo Polka Narodnogo Opolcheniya Sq., 2, Rostov-on-Don 344038</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iav-1980@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козаков</surname><given-names>А. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozakov</surname><given-names>A. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>пр. Стачки, 194, г. Ростов-на-Дону 344090</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stachki ave., 194, Rostov-on-Don 344090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ростовский государственный университет путей сообщения</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rostov State Transport University (RSTU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт физики Южного федерального университета</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University (SFedU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>47</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>298</fpage><lpage>308</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; AGU, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">AGU</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">AGU</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/126">https://fwj.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/126</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы — синтез алмазоподобных углеродных плёнок (АПУП) методом физического осаждения из паровой фазы, определение их фазового sp2/sp3 состава и исследование триботехнических характеристик системы из алмазоподобных углеродных слоёв и адгезионных подслоев на основе титана и нитрида титана к подложке из стали 45.</p><p>С помощью установки BRV600 с магнетронным распылением были получены две алмазоподобные углеродные плёнки: в водородной среде и без добавления в объём рабочей камеры водорода. Методом рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии (РФЭС) в АПУП, синтезированных без добавления и с добавлением водорода в паровую фазу, определено отношение долей sp2/sp3 фаз, равное 0,02 и 0,20 соответственно. Обнаружено, что триботехнические характеристики АПУП зависят от соотношения в ней sp2/sp3 гибридизированных связей, а также состава газовой среды, используемой при синтезе плёнок. В частности показано, что взаимодействие тестового шара с исходной поверхностью плёнки, сформированной в паровой среде без атомов водорода, начинается с коэффициента трения около 0,45, а с поверхностью алмазоподобной плёнки, сформированной в среде водорода — 0,35. Обнаружено также, что начиная с 1000 циклов скольжения для обеих алмазоподобных плёнок в поверхностных слоях следов трения происходит графитизация поверхности, сопровождаемая трансформацией sp3 в sp2 связи, что приводит к увеличению отношения долей sp2/sp3 фаз в следах трения обеих плёнок которое после 6×103 циклов скольжения оказалось одинаковым для обеих плёнок, равным 2,0. При этом значении sp2/sp3 отношения коэффициент трения падает до значения 0,1.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this work is to synthesize diamond-like carbon (DLC) films using physical vapor deposition (PVD), determine their sp2/sp3 phase composition, and investigate the tribological properties of a multilayer system consisting of DLC layers and titanium/titanium nitride adhesion sublayers on a steel 45 substrate. Two DLC films were produced using the BRV600 magnetron sputtering system, one in a hydrogen atmosphere and the other without hydrogen addition to the process chamber. XPS analysis of these films revealed that the sp2/sp3 phase ratio was approximately 0.2 for the film synthesized with hydrogen and 0.02 for the one without it. The tribological behavior of these DLC films depended on the sp2/sp3 ratio hybridized bonds and the gas atmosphere during synthesis. The interaction between the test ball and initial surface of a film formed in a hydrogen free atmosphere started with a friction coefficient of 0.45, while it started at 0.35 for a film formed under hydrogen conditions. After 1,000 cycles, graphitization of the surface occurred in both wear tracks accompanied by transformation of sp3 into sp2. This led to an increase in the sp2/sp3 phase ratio within the wear tracks, reaching a value of approximately 2 for both films after 6,000 cycles. At this sp2/sp3 ratio, the friction coefficient dropped to approximately 0.1.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алмазоподобная углеродная плёнка</kwd><kwd>фазовый анализ</kwd><kwd>трибологические испытания</kwd><kwd>химические связи</kwd><kwd>графитизация при трении</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diamond-like carbon film</kwd><kwd>phase analysis</kwd><kwd>tribological tests</kwd><kwd>chemical bonds</kwd><kwd>friction-induced graphitization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мышкин Н.К., Петроковец М.И. Трение, смазка, износ. Физические основы и инженерные приложения трибологии. — М.: Физматлит. — 2007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myshkin N.K., Petrokovets M.I. Trenie, smazka, iznos. Fizicheskie osnovy' i inzhenerny'e prilozheniya tribologii. — M.: Fizmatlit. — 2007 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акунец Е.Г., Гуцев Д.М., Кудрицкий В.Г., Максименко А.В., Царенко И.В. Влияние лазерной закалки на триботехнические свойства стали 45 // Трение и износ. — 2025 (46), № 2, 111—120 DOI: 10.32864/0202-4977-2025-46-2-111-120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akunets E.G., Gutsev D.M., Kudrytski V.G., Maksimenko A.V., Tsarenko I.V. [Laser treatment influence on tribotechnical properties of steel 45] // Trenie i Iznos. — 2025 (46), no. 2, 111—120. DOI: 10.32864/0202-4977-2025-46-2-111-120 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буяновский И.А., Хрущов М.М., Суляндзига Д.А., Самусенко В.Д. Влияние микроструктуры и состава легированных молибденом и вольфрамом вакуумных ионно-плазменных углеродных покрытий на их триботехнические характеристики при сухом трении и граничной смазке // Трение и износ. — 2025 (46), № 1, 26—39. DOI: 10.32864/0202-4977-2025-46-1-26-39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buyanovskii I.A., Khrushchov M.M., Sulyandziga D.A., Samusenko V.D. [The Effect of Microstructure and Composition of Molybdenum and Tungsten-Doped Vacuum Ion-Plasma Carbon Coatings on Their Tribotechnical Properties under Dry Friction and Boundary Lubrication] // Trenie i Iznos. — 2025 (46), no. 1, 16—25. DOI:  10.32864/0202-4977-2025-46-1-26-39 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dipen Kumar Rajak, Ashwini Kumar, Ajit Behera, and Pradeep L. Menezes Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings: Classification, Properties, and Applications // Applied Sciences. — 2021 (11), no. 10, 4445. DOI: 10.3390/app11104445</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dipen Kumar Rajak, Ashwini Kumar, Ajit Behera, and Pradeep L. Menezes Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings: Classification, Properties, and Applications // Applied Sciences. — 2021 (11), no. 10, 4445. DOI: 10.3390/app11104445</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konicek A.R., Grierson D.S., Gilbert P.U.P.A., Sawyer W.G., A.V. Sumant, and Carpick R.W. Origin of Ultralow Friction and Wear in Ul-trananocrystalline Diamond // Physical Review Letters. — 2008, no. 100(23), 235502—235505. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.235502</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konicek A.R., Grierson D.S., Gilbert P.U.P.A., Sawyer W.G., A.V. Sumant, and Carpick R.W. Origin of Ultralow Friction and Wear in Ul-trananocrystalline Diamond // Physical Review Letters. — 2008, no. 100(23), 235502—235505. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.235502</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов А.С., Шилов М.А., Смирнова А.И., Берёзина Е.В., Ткачев А.Г., Бурков А.А., Рожкова Н.Н., Усольцева Н.В. Влияние различных аллотропов углерода на трибологические и реологические характеристики модельных смазочных систем // Трение и износ. — 2021 (42), № 3, 338—349. DOI: 10.32864/0202-4977-2021-42-3-338-349</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenov A.S., Berezina E.V., Shilov M.A., Smirnova A.I., Usol’tseva N.V., Tkachev A.G., Burkov A.A., and Rozhkova N.N. Influence of Various Carbon Allotropes on Tribological and Rheological Characteristics of Model Lubricating Systems // Journal of Friction and Wear. — 2021 (42), no. 3, 217—224. DOI: 10.32864/0202-4977-2021-42-3-338-349</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams O.A. Nanocrystalline Diamond // Diamond &amp; Related Material. — 2011 (20), 621—640. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2011.02.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams O.A. Nanocrystalline Diamond // Diamond &amp; Related Material. — 2011 (20), 621—640. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2011.02.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rani R., Panda K., Kumar N., Sankaran K.J., Pandian R., Ficek M., Bogdanowicz R., Haenen K., Lin I.-N. Tribo-Environment Dependent Chemical Modification of Sliding Interfaces in Ul-trananocrystalline Diamond Nanowall Film: a Correlation with Friction and Wear // The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. — 2018 (122), 945—956. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.JPCC.7B10992</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rani R., Panda K., Kumar N., Sankaran K.J., Pandian R., Ficek M., Bogdanowicz R., Haenen K., Lin I.-N. Tribo-Environment Dependent Chemical Modification of Sliding Interfaces in Ul-trananocrystalline Diamond Nanowall Film: a Correlation with Friction and Wear // The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. — 2018 (122), 945—956. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.JPCC.7B10992</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar N., Sankaran K.J., Kozakov A.T., Sidashov A.V., Nicolskii A.V., Haenen K., and Kolesnikov V.I. Surface and Bulk Phase Analysis of the Tribolayer of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Sliding Against Steel Balls // Diamond and Related Materials. — 2019 (97), 107472. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107472</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar N., Sankaran K.J., Kozakov A.T., Sidashov A.V., Nicolskii A.V., Haenen K., and Kolesnikov V.I. Surface and Bulk Phase Analysis of the Tribolayer of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Sliding Against Steel Balls // Diamond and Related Materials.   —   2019   (97),   107472. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107472</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar N., Kozakov A.T., Sankaran K.J., Sidashov A.V., and Lin I.N. Controlled Atmosphere Dependent Tribological Properties of Thermally Annealed Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films // Diamond and Related Materials. — 2019 (97), 107437. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2019.05.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar N., Kozakov A.T., Sankaran K.J., Sidashov A.V., and Lin I.N. Controlled Atmosphere Dependent Tribological Properties of Thermally Annealed Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films // Diamond and Related Materials. — 2019 (97), 107437. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2019.05.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qingyuan Yu, Xinchun Chen, Chenhui Zhang, and Jianbin Luo. Influence Factors on Mechanisms of Superlubricity in DLC Films: A Review // Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. — 2000 (6), no. 65. DOI: 10.3389/fmech.2020.00065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qingyuan Yu, Xinchun Chen, Chenhui Zhang, and Jianbin Luo. Influence Factors on Mechanisms of Superlubricity in DLC Films: A Review // Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. — 2000 (6), no. 65. DOI: 10.3389/fmech.2020.00065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yunhai Liu, Yixiao He, and Ligao Liu Atomic Effect and Mechanism of Different Hydrogen Content on Superlubricity Properties of H-DLC Films // Applied Surface Science. — 2025 (679), 161211. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yunhai Liu, Yixiao He, and Ligao Liu Atomic Effect and Mechanism of Different Hydrogen Content on Superlubricity Properties of H-DLC Films // Applied Surface Science. — 2025 (679), 161211. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozakov A.T., Kochur A.G., Kumar N., Panda K., Nikolskii A.V., and Sidashov A.V. Determination of sp2 and sp3 Phase Fractions on the Surface of Diamond Films from C1s, Valence Band X-ray Photoelectron Spectra and CKVV X-Ray-Excited Auger Spectra // Applied Surface Science. — 2021 (536), no. 12, 147807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147807</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozakov A.T., Kochur A.G., Kumar N., Panda K., Nikolskii A.V., and Sidashov A.V. Determination of sp2 and sp3 Phase Fractions on the Surface of Diamond Films from C1s, Valence Band X-ray Photoelectron Spectra and CKVV X-Ray-Excited Auger Spectra // Applied Surface Science.  —  2021  (536),  no.  12,  147807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147807</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandon David and Kaplan Wayne D. Microstructural Characterization of Materials. — Chichester, England: John Wiley &amp; Sons. — 2008. ISBN: 978-0-470-02785-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandon David and Kaplan Wayne D. Microstructural Characterization of Materials. — Chichester, England: John Wiley &amp; Sons. — 2008. ISBN: 978-0-470-02785-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воропаев А.И., Колесников В.И., Кудряков О.В., Варавка В.Н, Колесников И.В., Лифарь М.С., Гуда С.А., Гуда А.А., Сидашов А.В. Покрытия DLC, стабилизированные азотом: оптимизация свойств и режимов нанесения с использованием алгоритмов рандомизированных деревьев и нейронных сетей // Физическая мезомеханика. — 2024 (27), № 4, 355—369. DOI: 10.55652/1683-805X_2024_27_2_16-32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voropaev A.I., Kolesnikov V.I., Kudryakov O.V., Varavka V.N., Kolesnikov I.V., Lifar M.S., Guda S.A., Guda A.A., and Sidashov A.V. Nitrogen-Stabilized DLC Coatings: Optimization of Properties and Deposition Parameters Using Randomized Tree and Neural Network Algorithms // Physical Mesomechanics. — 2024 (27), no. 4, 355—369. DOI: 10.1134/S1029959924040015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jablonski A. and Powell C.J. Comparisons of Practical Attenuation Lengths Obtained from Different Algorithms for Application in XPS // Surf. Sci. — 2002 (520), 78—96. DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6028(02)02267-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jablonski A. and Powell C.J. Comparisons of Practical Attenuation Lengths Obtained from Different Algorithms for Application in XPS // Surf. Sci. — 2002 (520), 78—96. DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6028(02)02267-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
